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Authors
Enad, Hind H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0944-7357
Haleem, Riyam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3250-7303
Shafiai, Noor Ayuni Ahmad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-1123
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Article History
Received: 20 September 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Al-Hadi University, College of Dentistry (Approval No. HD112403, dated 13 November 2024).
