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Article History

Received: 31 January 2025

Accepted: 24 November 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was not required for this study under the Measures for the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2023), as the data collection was non-invasive, anonymised, and conducted with informed consent. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: All participants, who were all adults, gave informed consent, and their participation was entirely voluntary. The personal data from all participants has been anonymised.