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Article History

Received: 25 May 2025

Accepted: 24 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

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: Hirokazu Shoji reports honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol Myers Squibb, and research grants from Ono Pharmaceutical and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Daisuke Takahari reports grants from Taiho Pharmaceutical, Ono Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Daiichi Sankyo. Akira Ooki reports honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas Pharma, Merck Serono, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Ono Pharmaceutical, and MSD. Hidekazu Hirano reports honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Fujifilm Pharmaceuticals, Teijin Pharma, and Ono Pharmaceutical. Kengo Nagashima reports consulting fees from SENJU Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Toray Industries, Inc., Kowa Company, Ltd., and Eli Lilly. Kensei Yamaguchi reports honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb KK, Eli Lilly Japan KK, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Ono. Ken Kato reports consulting fees from Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, BeiGene, Novartis Pharma, AstraZeneca, Roche, Bayer Yakuhin, Merck & Co, Merck Biopharma, and Janssen Pharmaceutical, reports honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Ono Pharmaceutical and reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of Ono Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Merck & Co. Narikazu Boku reports honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, and Eli Lilly, reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of Kyowa Kirin, and research grants from Takeda Pharmaceuticals. All other authors declare no competing interests.