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Authors
C., Rajkumar S.
D., Yuvasini
Nallakaruppan, Musiri Kailasanathan
Natesan, Deepa
Sayeed, Md Shohel
Kaveri, Parag Ravikant
Sathyamoorthy, Malathy
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Article History
Received: 22 July 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research involved only simulation-based analyses using synthetic data and did not involve any human participants, real clinical records, or personal identifiers. All Aadhaar-linked and DID-based entities were artificially generated to mimic structural characteristics of digital identities without referencing or linking to any real individuals. To ensure ethical compliance and privacy-by-design, all experiments followed NDHM, DEPA, and FHIR privacy principles, including: (1) pseudonymization of all identity data; (2) cryptographic separation between consent artifacts and analytical data; and (3) compliance with purpose limitation and data minimization guidelines. Any future real-world pilot deployment will undergo independent Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) review and data protection impact assessment (DPIA) prior to involving live systems or actual health identifiers.
