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Authors
Lima, Joana
McNeilly, Tom N.
Auffret, Marc D.
Steele, Philip
Frew, David
Martínez-Álvaro, Marina
Dewhurst, Richard J.
Watson, Mick
Roehe, Rainer
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/N016742/1)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/N01720X/1)
Innovate UK (10045515)
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Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Immunizations and parasite challenges of cattle were performed at the Moredun Research Institute (MRI) under Home Office licence 70/7914. Ethical approval was obtained from the MRI Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (E12/18). Animals were euthanized at the MRI post-mortem facility by stunning with a captive bolt followed by pithing to destroy the central nervous system. All experiments were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
