Bitew, Mulusew Kassa
Paguem, Archile
Abanda, Babette
Achukwi, Daniel Mbunka
Manchang, Kingsley Tanyi
Preuß, Siegfried
Hanotte, Olivier
Senczuk, Gabriele
Renz, Alfons
Eisenbarth, Albert
Pilla, Fabio
Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with relevant national and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals. Permission for the study and ethical approval were obtained from the Scientific Directorate of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) in Cameroon, the government’s official research institution responsible for animal health and livestock husbandry. Furthermore, verbal consent was obtained from cattle owners and herdsmen prior to sample collection. This study is reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines ( ).