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Article History

Received: 26 July 2025

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Jianghan University, Wuhan, China (Reference Number: JHDXKJLL2025-195). All procedures adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human issued by the Chinese government ( ). Specifically, this study does not fall under the category of medical research and does not involve human experimentation as defined by the Declaration of Helsinki. The questionnaire items posed no risk to the mental health of participants, and the data collected were fully anonymized, involving no sensitive personal information or commercial interests. According to the regulations of the authors’ institution, formal ethical approval was not mandatory for this type of survey-based research.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Before beginning the questionnaire, participants were presented with an informed consent form detailing the study’s purpose, the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time. Only individuals who provided consent were allowed to participate in the study.