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Authors
A.Amer, Ahmed
Altabbaa, Hashem
Sh. Ramadan, Mohamed
Abdul-Hafez, Hamza A. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6089-240X
Said, Hanaa S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-4002
Khan, Misha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-1820
Al-Jabri, Mohammed Musaed https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-3236
haj-salim, Dana jihad
Razzouk, Qusai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9540-1100
A.S. Amer, Mohamed
A. Amer, Samar
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Bouchi, Mohammad Salah Mouhanad
Mohamad, Juan Nazir Sheikh
Zakour, Rama Mohamed
Alhammoud, Razan Abdulrahman
Hamedo, Noura Mohammad
Mohamad, Tasneem Waked Kara
Al Soulaiman, Essam Hasan
Yazji, Rand Mohamad Majed
Azizi, Abdaljawad Abdallah
Alhammoud, Alabaas Hassan
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All participants provided informed consent before participation. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained, and participants were informed that the study involved no direct benefits or risks. Ethical approval for conducting the study was obtained from the Research and Ethical Review Committee of Mutah University, Jordan (Reference No: 27025). Based on this primary approval, participating institutions in other countries formally waived additional IRB review because the study was anonymous, self-administrated, minimal-risk, and non-interventional. Waivers of review were issued by the Faculty of Medicine Research Ethics Committee, Zagazig University, Egypt, the Scientific Research Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health, Syria, and the Institutional Review Board, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Yemen. This approach aligns with international ethical principles, including the Declaration of Helsinki (2013), the CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines (2016), and the Bahrain Declaration on Public Health Surveillance (2017) 57–59
