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Article History

Received: 19 June 2025

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: JH, LD, AP, DCF, FK, RB, HABS, EWE, RF and CS declare that they have no conflicts of interest. AB reports grants from UCB Pharma GmbH and honoraria for speaking engagements from Biogen GmbH, Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH, Eisai GmbH, GW Pharma GmbH, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Neuraxpharm GmbH, Shire/Takeda GmbH, UCB Pharma GmbH, and ViroPharma GmbH. AH has served as a consultant for Quanterix. GK reports travel grants and honoraria for speaking engagements from Cytosorb Europe GmbH, Artcline GmbH, serves as President for Scientific Working Group Albunet and extended board member of the European Society for Artificial Organs. HPS reports KOLFF grant from the Dutch Kidney Foundation (grant no 19OK009). HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche, and WebMD, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). HZ is a Wallenberg Scholar and a Distinguished Professor at the Swedish Research Council. JE received travel support for attending study meetings by B. Braun Melsungen AG and Novartis, has leadership as second spokesperson of the Scientific Working Group on Neuroanesthesia (WAKNA) of the German Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI) and is Research Committee Member of the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SNACC).

: Approved by the local ethics committee of Rostock University (identifier A 2020 − 0160). Written informed consent was given by legal representatives before study inclusion.