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Article History

Received: 12 August 2025

Accepted: 29 November 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.

: All datasets employed in this study, including the Ethereum, Bitcoin, Hyperledger Fabric, Financial Transaction, and IoT Transaction datasets, are consolidated and made available at the following repository: Google Drive Dataset Repository- ( ). For further information or assistance regarding data access, please get in touch with Mr. Mahendra Kumar Jhariya at ‘mahendra\_jhariya@rediffmail.com’.

: This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or personal data requiring ethical approval.