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Authors
Jiang, Xueming
Ding, Yi
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Article History
Received: 20 September 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. This study did not involve human-subject recruitment, private data collection, medical records, or identifiable information. All datasets used are publicly available, and the synthetic facial images shown in Fig. 4 were entirely generated by the model without involving real individuals.
