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Authors
Lee, Matthew T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652-280X
Wilkinson, Renae
Long, Katelyn N. G.
Case, Brendan W.
Ritchie-Dunham, James L.
Bradshaw, Matt
Padgett, R. Noah
Johnson, Byron R.
VanderWeele, Tyler J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
John Templeton Foundation (61665)
Templeton Religion Trust (1308)
Templeton World Charity Foundation (0605)
Well-Being for Planet Earth Foundation
Fetzer Institute (4354)
Well Being Trust
Paul L. Foster Family Foundation
David and Carol Myers Foundation
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2024
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Competing interests
: T.J.V. reports consulting fees from Gloo Inc., along with shared revenue received by Harvard University in its license agreement with Gloo according to the University IP policy. M.T. L. reports consulting fees from Aetheon Inc. The other authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Boards at Baylor University (IRB Reference #: 1,841,317) and Gallup Inc. (IRB Reference #: 2021-11-02). Gallup is a multi-national corporation and its IRB covers all countries included in the GFS. All participants provided informed consent to Gallup and IRB approval for all data collection activities was obtained by Gallup ( ). Baylor University granted IRB approval for data analysis. All personally identifiable information (PII) was removed from the data used in this study by Gallup, and was not accessible to the authors. This research conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. No further IRB approval was needed for our secondary analyses.
