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Article History

Received: 8 August 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors declare that this study did not involve human participants, identifiable personal data, or experiments on animals, and therefore did not require formal ethics committee approval or informed consent under the policies of the authors’ institutions. The experiments were conducted entirely using simulated IoT devices, synthetic workloads, and cloud-based infrastructure, with no access to real student or instructor records. All procedures complied with relevant institutional guidelines and regulations for information security and data protection.