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Authors
Zhao, Jianwei
Zou, Ge
Zhao, Qingda
Bao, Mingsong
Ju, Xiaodong
Luo, Yang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
General Project of Education of National Social Science Foundation of China and in part by the Research on Educational Robots and Their Teaching System (BIA200191, BIA200191, BIA200191, BIA200191, BIA200191, BIA200191)
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The gait analysis data used in this study were obtained from the Gaitboter system (provided by Beijing Zhongke Huicheng Technology Co., LTD) and PeKing University Third Hospital. All data were fully anonymized prior to analysis, ensuring no identifiable personal information was retained. Since this study did not involve direct interaction with human participants and utilized only pre-existing de-identified data, it does not require ethical approval under applicable regulations (e.g., Declaration of Helsinki or China’s Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research).
: All original data collection procedures involving human participants were conducted in compliance with ethical standards, and written informed consent was obtained from all individuals prior to data acquisition. However, this secondary analysis did not involve new data collection or individual-level identification, thus falling outside the scope of additional ethical review.
