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Article History

Received: 17 September 2025

Accepted: 4 December 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The data used in this study were sourced from publicly available video content published on platforms such as Bilibili and TikTok. These videos are publicly accessible, and no personal privacy information was involved during the data collection process. All analyzed content was publicly available, and the study did not involve the collection or processing of users’ private information. In accordance with relevant ethical review guidelines, ethical approval for this study was not required.

: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.