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Authors
Zhang, Bingyin
Lu, Zilong
Liu, Danru
Ren, Jie
Xu, Chunxiao
Xu, Aiqiang
Guo, Xiaolei
Fang, Liwen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shandong Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Program Project (202212050992)
Shandong Provincial Taishan Scholar Program Project (No.ts201511105)
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods in our study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The data used in this study are de-identified, population-level, and public health monitoring data. As part of the statutory disease surveillance activities, these data are collected regularly by the Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention of China under the authorization of the Shandong Provincial Health Commission of China. Therefore, after review and approval by the Ethics Committee of the Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention in China, this study was exempted from ethical approval.
: A waiver of informed consent was taken by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention as the data analyzed in this study were at the secondary aggregated level, and no participants were contacted.
