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Authors
Yayan, Josef
Rasche, Kurt
Krüger, Marcus
Biancosino, Christian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Private Universität Witten/Herdecke gGmbH
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Article History
Received: 28 June 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted using the publicly available NIH ChestX-ray14 dataset, which includes only fully anonymized radiographic and sex data. According to the dataset provider’s policy and institutional ethical guidelines, no ethical approval or informed consent was required. The dataset analyzed was the NIH ChestX-ray14, not ChestX-ray8; we consistently refer to ChestX-ray14 to ensure reproducibility and avoid prior ambiguities in dataset naming. The ChestX-ray14 dataset consists of de-identified radiographs and metadata collected at the NIH Clinical Center and was released for research benchmarking purposes.
: This study adheres to the STROBE reporting guideline; the completed STROBE checklist is provided as Supplementary File .
