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Article History

Received: 9 July 2025

Accepted: 6 December 2025

First Online: 19 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Although this study involves analysis of emotional expressions derived from human subjects, it exclusively utilized the publicly available ISEAR dataset, which is fully anonymized and distributed for research purposes under open-access terms. No new data were collected directly from human participants, and no personally identifiable information (PII) is included. Consequently, this ressions derived from human subjects, it exclusively utilized the publicly available ISEAR dataset, which is fully anonymized and distributed for research purposes under open-access terms. No new data were collected directly from human participants, and no personally identifiable information (PII) is included. Consequently, this research did not require separate Institutional Review Board (IRB) or ethical committee approval. However, to ensure ethical compliance, all data handling and analyses were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and institutional data governance standards. The dataset’s usage adheres strictly to its licensing terms and was approved for non-commercial academic research. This ethical framework ensures that the study maintains integrity, transparency, and respect for data privacy while advancing emotion recognition research.