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Authors
Holmes, Leslie A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-8495
Veiga, Patricia Wolf https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1125-5927
Pettis, Jeffery S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4986-6978
Guarna, M. Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-9475
Hoover, Shelley E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9462-7039
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Project Apis m.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Mitacs
Alberta Beekeepers Commission
RDAR, Canada
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Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
