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Authors
Elani, Hawazin W.
Zhao, Ningsheng
Schuch, Helena S.
Saldutte, Greg
Mertz, Elizabeth
Vujicic, Marko
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD017093)
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Article History
Received: 22 August 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used de-identified secondary data from the American Dental Association’s Survey of Dental Graduates (SDG), obtained under a data use agreement. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Harvard Faculty of Medicine determined it to be not human subjects research as defined by DHHS regulations or FDA regulations (IRB24-0251). Accordingly, informed consent was not required. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) and the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD and TRIPOD-AI) reporting guidelines.
