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Authors
Zhang, Qian
Zhang, Zejian
Ma, Chao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
oint supported by Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation and Xiangyang of re statement that China (2024AFD051)
Hubei Superior and Distinctive Discipline Group of “New Energy Vehicle and Smart Transportation" (XKTD052323)
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
