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Article History

Received: 3 September 2025

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 29 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Patients undergoing orthognathic and TMJ surgery exhibit a high incidence of PONV. Incorporating specific predictors into the Apfel score enhances PONV prediction accuracy in this population, thereby informing evidence-based prophylaxis.

: Liyan Mao and Xiaoqin Bi designed the study.Liyan Mao and Yajun Li conducted pre-operative evaluations and were responsible for the collection and electronic entry of follow-up data for patients treated at West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University. Weijun Liu performed the corresponding tasks—pre-operative assessment, follow-up data collection, and data entry—for patients managed at Peking University Shenzhen Hospital. Yunyu Zhou, Jingya Yu, and Xuemei Yang organized and checked the data. Liyan Mao, Min Liu, and Chongyang Zhao performed all statistical analyses. Liyan Mao wrote the final manuscript. Wenbin Huang, Chongyang, and Grace Paka Lubamba revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

: All procedures conducted in this research, which included human participants, were in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, 1964. Approval for the trial was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee (WCHSIRB-D-2025-044-R2).