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Authors
Kanagasabai, Udhayashankar
Chevalier, Michelle S.
Ndongmo, Clement B.
Vwalika, Bellington
Ahmed, Yusuf
Selenic, Dejana
De, Anindya K.
Drammeh, Bakary
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (5U2GGH000857-04)
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (5U2GGH000857-04)
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (5U2GGH000857-04)
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (5U2GGH000857-04)
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (5U2GGH000857-04)
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (5U2GGH000857-04)
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (5U2GGH000857-04)
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (5U2GGH000857-04)
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 10 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
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: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the funding agencies.. The authors declare no competing interests.
: This activity was reviewed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, deemed not research, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy (45 C.F.R. part 46.102(l) 2 , 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Section 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Section 3501 et seq). The Tropical Diseases Research Centre in Zambia approved the protocol.
: This work was prepared while Bakary Drammeh was employed at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not reflect the view of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government.
