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Article History

Received: 22 December 2024

Accepted: 11 December 2025

First Online: 28 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study adheres to the ethical guidelines outlined in the relevant regulations of the People’s Republic of China. All data utilized in this research are fully anonymized, do not contain sensitive personal information, and involve no interventions that could affect participants. In accordance with the “Regulations on Human-Related Biomedical Research” jointly issued in February 2023 by the National Health Commission, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, research using anonymized data that does not involve sensitive information or affect participants is exempt from ethical review. Based on these criteria, this study qualifies for an exemption from ethical review.

: All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study, ensuring their full understanding of the study’s purpose and requirements.