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Article History

Received: 15 August 2025

Accepted: 11 December 2025

First Online: 17 December 2025

Competing interests

: Mr. Okada is currently an employee of Astellas Pharma Inc, but from the start to the end of the study, he was affiliated with Keio University, and thus has no conflicts of interest to disclose. Dr. Komaki reported receiving grants from Taiho, Nippon Shinyaku, Chugai, Sanofi, Pfizer Japan, Daiichi Sankyo, and PTC Therapeutics; consulting fees from PTC Therapeutics, Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, and Sarepta Therapeutics; and payment for educational events from Chugai, Biogen, Sanofi, Novartis, and Nippon Shinyaku. Dr. Oba reported receiving payments for educational events from Pfizer Japan, Astra Zeneca, SAS Japan, and EP-SOGO. Dr. Nakamura reported receiving grants from Pfizer Japan, Nippon Shinyaku, Daiichi Sankyo, and Astellas; and consulting fee from Nippon Shinyaku. Dr. Ishizuka, and Dr. Hori reported no conflicts of interest.

: The patients have provided written informed consent for the publication of the collected data.

: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The study that analyzed the Remudy data was approved by the ethics committee of the National Center of the Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP). (No. A2022-001) The questionnaire survey on QOL of DMD patients was approved by the ethics committee of both NCNP and Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy. (No. B2022-023, 220808)

: The patients have provided written informed consent for participating studies.