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Authors
Wang, Haorui
Yin, Shangxian
Lian, Huiqing
Cao, Min
Hou, Enke
Wang, Xu
Xing, Guofu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC3005905-1)
Project under the Central-Guided Fund for Local Science and Technology Development,China (246Z7604G)
Hebei Natural Science Foundation Project, China (D2025508011)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (3142025007)
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 25 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All experts involved in the experimental part of this study were fully informed of the research objectives, procedures, and intended use of the collected data. Their participation was entirely voluntary, and each provided explicit informed consent before taking part in the study.
