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Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 12 December 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Youth University of Political Studies (Ethics Approval Number: GDYU-2024-008). All volleyball match data used in this study were obtained from publicly available professional competitions or collected with appropriate consent from participating teams and organizations. No personally identifiable information was collected or processed during the course of this research. Player position data were anonymized through coordinate transformation and temporal aggregation, ensuring individual athletes could not be identified from processed datasets. All data handling procedures complied with GDPR and institutional data protection policies. The volleyball game simulations and quantum computing experiments involved only computational modeling and did not require human subject participation. Video recordings used for validation purposes were obtained from public broadcast sources where athletes had provided consent for filming and public distribution.