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Authors
Ativi, Wisdom Xornam
Chen, Wenyu
Kwao, Lazarus
Ayivi, Williams
Sam, Francis
Alqahtani, Ali
Gu, Yeong Hyeon
Al-antari, Mugahed A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22B2061)
Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia (RGP2/314/45)
Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) – Information Technology Research Center (ITRC), Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea (IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191)
Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) – Information Technology Research Center (ITRC), Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea (IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191)
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Article History
Received: 13 September 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 26 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
