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Authors
Cucco, Alex
Simpson, Angela
Murray, Clare
Roberts, Graham C.
Holloway, John W.
Arshad, S. Hasan
Custovic, Adnan
Fontanella, Sara
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Meaningful Dragon PhD scholarship
Asthma UK (301)
Asthma UK (301)
Asthma UK (364)
Asthma UK (364)
Asthma UK (364)
Asthma UK (301)
Medical Research Council (MR/S025340/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S025340/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S025340/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S025340/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S025340/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/S025340/1)
BMA James Trust
JP Moulton Charitable Foundation
The North West Lung Centre Charity
National Institutes of Health, USA (R01 HL082925)
National Institutes of Health, USA (R01 HL082925)
National Institutes of Health, USA (R01 HL082925)
British Medical Association James Trust
David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Trust
NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
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Article History
Received: 30 August 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 24 December 2025
Declarations
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: Dr Custovic reports personal fees outside the submitted work from Sanofi, Stallergenes Greer, AstraZeneca, GSK, and La Roche-Posay. Dr Custovic also reported grants or contracts from MRC, EPSRC, and Welcome Trust and declared a leadership role in the World Allergy Organization. Clare Murray reports personal fees from Sanofi and GSK. Graham Roberts declared a leadership role in the British Society for Allergy & Clinical Immunology (BSACI). Angela Simpson reported grants or contracts from NIHR. Other authors declare no conflict of interest. This work forms part of a submitted PhD thesis, which will be publicly available in the Imperial College repository, Spiral, under a CC BY-NC license after a minimum 2-year embargo period (extendable).
