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Authors
Rahamathulla, Mohamed
Bindiya, R.
Venkatesh, M. P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6804-1023
Pai, Deeksha R.
Harshith, H. S.
Ghazwani, Mohammed
Farhana, Syeda Ayesha
Buddhadev, Sheetal S.
Ahmed, Mohammed Muqtader
Pasha, Ismail https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2579-4032
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University (RGP 2/233/46)
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: was not required as no live animals or humans were used. Fresh sheep blood and nasal mucosa was obtained from a local slaughterhouse following standard ethical guidelines for tissue sourcing.” However, we can affirm that all procedures and experimental protocols were carried out in accordance with the relevant institutional guidelines and regulations, and the reporting of methods complies with the ARRIVE guidelines, no animals were sacrificed for this study, and that this aligns with the ‘3Rs’ principle (Replacement). so animal ethical approval is “Not applicable”.
