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Authors
Zhang, Jinwei
Liu, Shangqing
Liu, Shuang
Rong, Yue
Zhong, Chunyan
Ni, Dong
Ran, Suzhen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (CSTB2023NSCQ-BHX0100)
the open project of Chongqing Research Center for Prevention & Control of Maternal and Child Diseases and Public Health (CQFYSJ01002)
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Article History
Received: 9 June 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Appropriate ethical standards were followed throughout the entire study. The Ethics Committee of the Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University approved this retrospective study (IRB-2024021). The requirement for informed consent was waived.
