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Authors
Deng, Yuting
Chen, Dengyong
Zhang, Songliang
Yuan, Shanshan
Zhang, Chengsen
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Article History
Received: 31 July 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The CHARLS study was conducted in line with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Prior to their involvement in the CHARLS study, all participants gave their written informed consent. The research adhered to the STROBE guidelines for reporting observational studies in epidemiology.
