Li, Haonan
Govindarajan, Vijay
Ang, Tan Fong
Ayadi, Manel
Ku, Chin Soon
Leong, Ming Chern
Shabaruddin, Fatiha Hana
Ishak, Wan Zamaniah Wan
Por, Lip Yee
Funding for this research was provided by:
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (PNURSP2026R761)
AI for Medicine Research Grant Scheme, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia (AIM-C09-2025)
KW IPPP (Research Maintenance Fee) Individual/Centre/Group, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia (RMF1506-2021)
Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was not required for this study as we analyzed publicly available data that was not collected from human subjects but from publicly available symptom checker apps.