Lv, Yang
Yin, Yong Wei
Liu, Yang
Funding for this research was provided by:
2023 Dalian University Course Ideological and Political Education Teaching Reform Research Project: “Research and Practice of Reforming Teaching Methods in Physical Chemistry Courses”
Article History
Received: 19 September 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The design of this study followed the guiding principles and provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Liaoning Normal University (LL2025145), with all participants signing an informed consent form.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals participating in the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.