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Article History

Received: 6 September 2025

Accepted: 19 December 2025

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This cross-sectional study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and obtained ethical approval from Creighton University Institutional Review Board as a subproject of medical education research (Ref. 2001290-01). The questionnaire provided an introduction to the survey, including its aims and main contents, and a promise to keep the data anonymous and confidential. The sampled students had the right to decide whether to complete the questionnaire and withdraw at any time.

: Participants had to acknowledge their consent by reading the consent information before accessing the questionnaire.