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Authors
Mighani, Mohamad Efrfan
Koopaie, Maryam
Najafi, Shamsolmolouk
Kolahdooz, Sajad
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Article History
Received: 16 September 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This comparative cross-sectional study received ethical approval from the Ethical Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Ethical code: IR.TUMS.DENTISTRY.REC.1402.024) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 41 . Informed written consent was obtained from a parent or guardian after the study objectives were thoroughly explained. Children whose parents provided consent and signed the informed consent form were subsequently enrolled in the study. The authors affirm that all procedures were conducted in compliance with the relevant ethical guidelines and regulations.
: Online version of the Ethical Code: .
