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Authors
Huang, Siang
Liu, Luyao
Wang, Chaoyang
Li, Xu
Liu, Yina
Ma, Xiaochun
Sun, Yini
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Technologies Research and Development Program (2022YFC2304605)
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2024-MS-03)
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2024-MSLH-543)
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Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 22 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University ([2022] 2022-502-2, Shenyang, China) and the institutional review board of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Approval number JS-3480D). The other participating ICUs obtained their respective ethical approvals.
: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant or their legal surrogates before enrollment.
