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Authors
Al-Hashimi, Hussein A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University (ORF-2025-1439)
National Cybersecurity Authority (NCA) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (No. CRPG-25-3126)
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Article History
Received: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 28 December 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical research guidelines and was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at King Saud University and University of Southampton.
: All participants involved in the survey and expert panel provided their informed consent prior to participation. They were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of the confidentiality of their responses, and notified that their participation was voluntary and anonymous. No personal or identifiable information was collected.
