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Authors
Li, Dehua
Long, Zhaoyang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province (CX20240632)
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 4 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: No animal studies are presented in this manuscript. No potentially identifiable human images or data are presented in this study. Ethical approval for all the waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. The IRB approval number is IRB00001052-11015.
