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Article History

Received: 1 June 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 12 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code: IR.TUMS.Medicine.REC.1402.515) prior to the commencement of data collection. All participants were fully briefed on the aims, procedures, and potential implications of the research to ensure their complete understanding. Written or verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion in the study.

: Participation was entirely voluntary, and all respondents were unequivocally assured of their right to withdraw at any point without penalty or consequence. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the research process. All interview transcripts and data were anonymized immediately upon transcription, and access to the raw data was limited exclusively to the research team. This study adhered to the ethical principles governing research involving human subjects, including the relevant guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. This specific research was conducted as a component of a project investigating research misconduct in medical education.

: All participants in this study provided written informed consent for the publication of findings and related data.