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Authors
Awoyale, Oladayo David
Jimoh, Akolade
Dede, Anne
Akpen, Catherine Nabiem
Ogunniyi, Abiodun
Dogo, Dennis Paul
Gimba, Patrick B.
Ibrahim, Idris
Rauf, Rauf
Mustafa, Arab
Erekosima, Grace
Ibrahim, Nimatullah
Atobatele, Sunday
Sampson, Sidney
Okagbue, Hilary I.
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Article History
Received: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was obtained from the Niger State Ministry of Secondary and Tertiary Health with approval number: ERC PAN/2025/06/46. The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (eight revision). In addition, the methodology aligns with the approved protocol.
: All participants provided informed consent before participation in discussions and data provision. No individual-level health data were collected.
