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Authors
Imran, Muhammad
Wei, Na
Zhang, Junqing
Shao, Xiaobo
Alzuman, Abad
Khan, Nawab
Xu, Huiji
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
High-Level Talent Start up support fund program of Shandong Xiehe University, Jinan, China
Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 9 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods in this study were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of social science research ethics. The study protocol, including the data-collection procedures and participant protection measures, was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the School of Business, Shandong Xiehe University, Jinan, China.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to administering the survey and interviews. Participants were briefed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, their right to withdraw at any time, and the confidentiality of their responses. All participants provided informed consent, and no minors or individuals requiring guardianship were included in the study.
