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Article History

Received: 26 May 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 9 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Guangzhou Huashang College. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Guangzhou Huashang College with the approval number 20250116. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All participants were provided with a full explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits, and they were assured of the confidentiality of their responses and the voluntary nature of their participation.