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Authors
Machekano, Honest
Ventura-Cordero, Javier
Airs, Paul M.
Gwiriri, Lovemore C.
Cooke, Andrew
Virgil, Joseph
Safalaoh, Andrews
Nalivata, Patson C.
Lee, Michael R. F.
Takahashi, Taro
van Wyk, Jan
Morgan, Eric
Nyamukondiwa, Casper
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) through the Global Challenges Research Fund (BB/S014748/1,2018)
United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) through the Global Challenges Research Fund (BB/S014748/1,2018)
United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) through the Global Challenges Research Fund (BB/S014748/1,2018)
United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) through the Global Challenges Research Fund (BB/S014748/1,2018)
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2024
Accepted: 31 December 2025
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures involving farmers and collection of their data were done in accordance with the ethical standards and guidelines and this study was approved by the Biosafety and Research Ethics Committee of the Botswana International University of Science and Technology, research permit reference # ENT8/36/4 XXXX II (5), provided by the Republic of Botswana. All participating farmers were fully informed about the study objectives and procedures, and provided their voluntary, written informed consent that they signed prior to participation. All experimental protocols in the methods were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards and guidelines and this study was approved by the Biosafety and Research Ethics Committee, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, research permit reference # ENT8/36/4 XXXX II (5), provided by the Republic of Botswana. In addition, all experiments were carried out in accordance with ARRIVE international guidelines.
