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Article History

Received: 14 November 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 17 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Guangdong University of Finance & Economics (Approval number: GDUEF2025053001). Before the commencement of the research. The validity period of approval is 2 years and covers all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants, including the Declaration of Helsinki, with particular attention to safeguarding participants’ rights, safety, and well-being, as well as ensuring scientific integrity. There was no unethical behavior during the research process because this study did not involve human clinical trials or animal experiments, and the participants were all 18 and above years old.

: All participants provided informed consent before completing the questionnaire. Data collection began in June 2025 and targeted frontline employees working in mid- to high-end hotels. Before starting the survey, participants were required to read an informed consent statement covering the study’s purpose, data use, voluntary participation, and anonymity measures. Participants indicated their consent by actively checking a box labeled “I have read and agree to participate in this study,” which was recorded electronically. No personally identifiable information was collected, and all responses were handled with strict confidentiality. All participants were adults, and no vulnerable groups were involved.