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Article History

Received: 4 June 2024

Accepted: 21 January 2025

First Online: 25 January 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Given that the study only used a publicly available dataset from Kaggle and did not involve direct interaction with human subjects, the concept of informed consent is not applicable. The study’s dataset is freely available and does not include any personally identifiable information. Therefore, getting informed consent from participants was not required for this study.

: As the study utilized a publicly available dataset sourced from the Kaggle, which primarily comprises anonymized data and does not involve human subjects directly, ethical review and approval were deemed unnecessary. Consequently, the study was conducted without the need for institutional review board (IRB) approval, as the data source inherently ensures compliance with ethical guidelines regarding data usage.