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Article History

Received: 11 September 2024

Accepted: 10 February 2025

First Online: 9 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: This study used bones sourced from domesticated animals (goat, sheep, and cow) that were legally slaughtered in licensed slaughterhouses as part of routine food production processes. No animals were specifically sacrificed for this research. As the bones were collected post-slaughter and considered byproducts of the food industry, the study did not require formal ethical approval by an institutional or licensing committee. All procedures complied with national regulations regarding the use of animal byproducts in scientific research. All procedures performed in studies were conducted by the ethical standards of the research ethics committees of Ilam University. Ethics Code: IR-ILAM-REC.1402.013.

: As mentioned previously, since the study did not involve any live animal experiments, it falls outside the scope of the ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of in Vivo Experiments). As such, ethical approval from an institutional or licensing committee was not required, and all methods adhered to relevant national regulations regarding the use of animal byproducts in research.