Document is current

Article History

Received: 17 December 2024

Accepted: 12 March 2025

First Online: 31 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The ethics review board of the National Center for Health Statistics approved all NHANES protocols. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: The data used in this study were obtained from the publicly accessible National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database, which is maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The NHANES data can be accessed via the following link: . NHANES data are available for public use and do not require special access permissions. No additional original data were generated during this study. All data supporting the findings of this research are based on secondary analysis of NHANES data. Data privacy and confidentiality are maintained by NHANES, and all identifying information has been removed to ensure participant anonymity. Therefore, no restrictions apply to the sharing of this data.