Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 October 2024

Accepted: 19 March 2025

First Online: 28 March 2025

Declarations

:

: All authors consent to the submission and publication of this manuscript.

: The research conducted using NHANES data complies with ethical standards and guidelines. Although NHANES data are publicly available and do not require individual informed consent, the analysis of these data was performed in accordance with ethical principles for research involving human subjects. Specifically, this study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, which provides guidelines for conducting research with respect for the rights and welfare of participants.

: All participants provided written informed consent before participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines, ensuring that participants were fully informed about their rights and the purpose of the research. The computer-assisted personal interviewing system was utilized during the household interview to collect sociodemographic data, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking status, and medical conditions. Prior to participation, individuals were fully informed about the purpose of the household interview and the use of the computer-assisted personal interviewing system for data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all participants to ensure they understood their rights and the confidentiality of their responses.

: The authors declare no competing interests.