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Article History

Received: 23 August 2024

Accepted: 26 March 2025

First Online: 8 April 2025

Declarations

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: CB has received research funding from the German MS Society (DMSG), speaker honoraria and travel expenses from Roche, and speaker honoraria from Synaptikon GmbH unrelated to this work. SGM has received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Bayer Health Care, Biogen, Celgene, Diamed, Genzyme, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ONO Pharma, Roche, SanofiAventis, Chugai Pharma, QuintilesIMS and Teva, and research funding from the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, the German Academic Exchange Service, the Hertie Foundation, the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Studies (IZKF) Muenster, the German Foundation for Neurology, Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics, Germany, Biogen, Diamed, Fresenius Medical Care, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, ONO Pharma, Roche and Teva unrelated to this work. HW receives honoraria for acting as a member of Scientific Advisory Boards from Alexion, Argenx, Biocryst, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cellerys, Galapagos, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz-Hexal, uniQure biopharma B.V. Speaker honoraria and travel support from Alexion, AOCN, CEMCAT, AstraZeneca, Biogen, BGP Products Operations GmbH, Bristol Myers Squibb, EPG Health/Medthority, Genzyme, Kohlhammer, Merck, MS at the Limits, Neurodiem, NMSS, Novartis, Ology, Roche, Sanofi, Springer, Streamed up, TEVA, Uvet, WebMD Global. Prof. Wiendl is acting as a paid consultant for Alexion, Argenx, Argobio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dianthus, EMD Serono, Fondazione Cariplo, Idorsia, Immunic, Immunovant, INmune Bio_Syneos Health, Janssen, LTS, Lundbeck, Merck, Muna Therapeutics, Myrobalan Therapeutics, Novartis, PSL Group, Red Nucleus, Roche, Samsung, Sangamo, Sanofi, Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, Teladochealth, Toleranzia, UCB, Viatris. His research is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Deutsche Myasthenie Gesellschaft e.V., European Union, Alexion, Amicus Therapeutics Inc., Argenx, Biogen, CSL Behring, F. Hoffmann - La Roche, Genzyme, Merck KgaA, Novartis, Roche, UCB Biopharma all unrelated to this work.AJ has nothing to declare.JB has nothing to declare.I-KP received honoraria for speaking at scientific meetings, serving at scientific advisory boards, and consulting activities from Almirall, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Sanofi-Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Teva unrelated to this work. She received research support from the German MS Society, Celgene, Novartis, Roche, and Teva unrelated to this work. NCL has nothing to declare.